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Revista Ciencias de la Actividad Física UCM. N° 26(1), enero-junio,
2025. ISSN: 0719-4013
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| Artículo de
Investigación
Monitoring physiological, perceptual and temporal
responses of women’s and men’s singles and doubles badminton matches
Monitoreo de las respuestas fisiológicas, perceptuales y temporales de
partidos de bádminton individuales y dobles femeninos y masculinos.
Monitoramento
das respostas fisiológicas, perceptuais e temporais em partidas de
badminton de simples e duplas femininas e masculinas.
Lopes-Marques, Luca1;
Andrade-Machado,Fabiana2;
Ornaghi-Araujo,Gabriel H.3;
& Segabinazi-Peserico, Cecília4
 Lopes-Marques,
L., Andrade-Machado, F., &Ornaghi-Araujo, G.H.,
&Segabinazi-Peserico, C. (2025).Monitoring physiological,
perceptual and temporal responses of women’s and men’s singles and
doubles badminton matches.Revista Ciencias de la Actividad Física
UCM,26(1), 39-48.https://doi.org/10.29035/rcaf.26.1.4
ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to compare the physiological, perceptual, and
temporal responses of women’s and men’s singles and doubles badminton
matches. The study included 20 badminton athletes of both sexes (23.2 ±
6.1 years), playing singles and doubles matches, who were monitored
during six days of competitions. Five women’s singles matches, seven
men’s singles matches, 11 women’s doubles matches, and eight men’s
doubles matches were monitored, during which the athletes’ heart hate
(HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values were recorded. In
addition, temporal variables were obtained from five women’s singles,
seven men’s singles, three women’s doubles, and two men’s doubles
matches. The results showed that HR was significantly higher in women’s
singles compared to men’s singles, and also in women’s singles compared
to women’s doubles matches. Furthermore, the total match time and rest
time were significantly shorter, and the effective match time was
greater in men’s doubles compared to women’s doubles matches. It is
concluded that the intensity, assessed by HR, in women’s singles
matches was greater compared to men’s singles matches and that women’s
singles matches were more intense than women’s doubles matches. In
addition, the responses of temporal variables in men’s doubles matches
were different compared to women’s doubles matches.
Palabras clave:
Racquet Sports; Athletes; Monitoring; Performance.
1
Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Educação Física,
Grupo de estudos e pesquisa em fisiologia do exercício aplicada a
humanos (GEFEAH), Brasil.
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4986-8030, ra122835@uem.br 2 Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Educação Física, Grupo de estudos e pesquisa em fisiologia do exercício aplicada a humanos (GEFEAH), Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2235-577X, famachado_uem@hotmail.com 3 Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Educação Física, Grupo de estudos e pesquisa em fisiologia do exercício aplicada a humanos (GEFEAH), Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-8766, ornaghi.gabriel7@gmail.com 4 Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Educação Física, Grupo de estudos e pesquisa em fisiologia do exercício aplicada a humanos (GEFEAH), Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2647-1850, ceciliapeserico@gmail.com RESUMEN
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar las respuestas
fisiológicas, perceptuales y temporales de partidos de bádminton
individuales y dobles de mujeres y hombres. El estudio incluyó a 20
atletas de bádminton de ambos sexos(23,2 ± 6,1 años), que jugaban en
partidos individuales y dobles, y que fueron monitoreados durante seis
días de competiciones. Se monitorearon cinco partidos individuales
femeninos, siete partidos individuales masculinos, 11 partidos de
dobles femeninos y ocho partidos de dobles masculinos, durante los
cuales se registraron los valores de frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y
percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) de los atletas. Además, se
obtuvieron variables temporales de cinco partidos individuales
femeninos, siete individuales masculinos, tres dobles femeninos y dos
dobles masculinos. Los resultados mostraron que la FC fue
significativamente más grande en los partidos individuales femeninos en
comparación con los individuales masculinos, y también en los
individuales femeninos en comparación con los partidos dobles
femeninos. Además, el tiempo total de partido y el tiempo de descanso
fueron significativamente más cortos, y el tiempo efectivo de partido
fue mayor en los partidos de dobles masculinos en comparación con los
de dobles femeninos. Se concluye que la intensidad, evaluada por HR, en
los partidos individuales femeninos fue mayor respecto a los partidos
individuales masculinos y que los partidos individuales femeninos
fueron más intensos que los partidos de dobles femeninos. Además, las
respuestas de las variables temporales en los partidos de dobles
masculinos fueron diferentes en comparación con los partidos de dobles
femeninos.
Key words: Deportes de raqueta; Atletas; Monitoreo; Rendimiento. RESUMO O presente
estudo teve como objetivo comparar as respostas fisiológicas,
perceptuais e as respostas temporais de partidas de badminton simples e
de duplas das modalidades adulto masculina e feminina. Participaram do
estudo 20 atletas de badminton de ambos os sexos da modalidade adulto
simples e de duplas (23,2 ± 6,1 anos) que foram monitorados durante
seis dias de competições. Foram analisadas cinco partidas simples
feminina, sete simples masculina, 11 partidas de duplas feminina e oito
de duplas masculina, no qual foram registrados os valores de frequência
cardíaca (FC) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) dos atletas. Além
disso, foram obtidas variáveis temporais de cinco partidas simples
feminina, sete simples masculina, três duplas feminina e duas duplas
masculina. Os resultados demonstraram que a FC foi significantemente
maior nas partidas da modalidade simples feminina comparado à simples
masculina, e também nas partidas da modalidade simples feminina em
comparação à duplas feminina. Por outro lado, o tempo total da partida
e o tempo de descanso foram significantemente menores e o tempo efetivo
da partida foi maior na modalidade de duplas masculina comparado as
duplas femininas. Portanto, concluise que a intensidade, avaliada pela
FC, nas partidas de simples feminina foi maior em comparação às simples
masculina e que partidas de simples feminina foram mais intensas que as
partidas de duplas feminina. Ademais, as respostas das variáveis
temporais nas partidas de duplas masculinas foram diferentes comparadas
às partidas femininas de duplas.
Palavras chave:
Esportes de raquete; Atletas;
Monitoramento; Desempenho.
INTRODUCCIÓN Badminton is a
racquet sport played by two or four people, characterized by
short-duration, high-intensity actions, and is one of the most popular
sports in the world, with over 200 million enthusiasts (Madsen et al., 2018; Phomsoupha&Laffaye, 2015;
Ooi et al., 2009).
Regarding the format of matches, the types of competitions include:
men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed
doubles. Badminton rules establish that a match consists of the best of
three games, with the winner of the game being the side that first
reaches 21 points. Players are allowed a 60-second break when one side
reaches 11 points, and a 2-minute break between games (Badminton World Federation, 2024).
To achieve a successful performance in Badminton matches, athletes require a combination of technical and tactical skills, as well as specific physical fitness for the sport (Madsen et al., 2018; Phomsoupha&Laffaye, 2015). During training sessions and Badminton matches, a combination of both the aerobic system (70%) and the anaerobic system (30%) are required, with the involvement of these systems depending on the nature of the rally (short or long) and the duration of the game (short or long) (Phomsoupha&Laffaye, 2015). When considering monitoring Badminton athletes and the physiological demands of matches, few studies have sought to track these responses (Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2013; Abdullahi et al., 2019; Faude et al., 2007). However, regarding the monitoring of the temporal responses of matches (rally time, rest time, and total game time), several studies have conducted this analysis in Badminton (Gomez et al., 2019; Torres-Luque et al., 2019; Gomez et al., 2020; Torres-Luque et al., 2020; Abdullahi & Coetzee, 2017; Valldecabres et al., 2020). Specifically, some studies have compared the responses between women’s and men’s matches (Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2013; Gomez et al., 2019; Abian-Vicen et al., 2013). For example, Abian-Vicen et al. (2013) compared the temporal responses between men’s and women’s singles matches. The main results showed that the total match duration, rally time, rest time between points, number of points played, and strokes per rally were greater in men’s matches than in women’s matches. Additionally, the men’s matches demonstrated more smashes and drives (types of badminton strokes), while the women’s exhibited more unforced errors and falls during matches. However, the women’s matches showed a higher percentage of playing time. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and temporal responses (rally time and rest time) were monitored by Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (2013) during singles badminton matches. The results showed differences between men and women regarding the temporal responses of the matches, with male athletes being involved in longer rallies, executing a greater number of strokes per rally, and having longer rest times than female athletes. However, HR and RPE responses did not show significant differences between sexes. Gomez et al. (2019) analyzed 60 elite male and female badminton matches and monitored several temporal responses related to the match, set, and rallies of the athletes while competing. The authors found significant differences between sexes for the duration of the match, sets, strokes executed by the athletes, and the subsequent rally point, demonstrating that men performed at higher intensity than women in relation to most of the temporal parameters analyzed during the matches. Given that few studies have sought to compare men and women regarding responses in singles and doubles badminton matches in the adult modalities, the present study aimed to compare the physiological, perceptual, and temporal responses of women’s and men’s singles and doubles badminton matches. The hypothesis was that there is a difference between sexes and between singles and doubles modalities regarding the analyzed variables. METHODS Participants Twenty adult
singles and doubles badminton Brazilian athletes (11 men and nine
women) participated in this study, with the following characteristics:
age: 23.2 ± 6.1 years; height: 174.3 ± 8.4 cm for men and 165.0 ± 6.2
cm for women; body mass: 76.9 ± 17.0 kg for men and 62.0 ± 8.4 kg for
women; body fat percentage: 25.1 ± 3.6 kg∙m2 for men and 22.2 ± 2.5
kg∙m2 for women; and body mass index (BMI): 19.6 ± 8.4 for men and 26.7
± 6.0 for women. Inclusion criteria were: being a member of the
Badminton AssociaçãoParanaense (BFP), and participating in competitions
at state level. Exclusion criteria were the occurrence of injury during
the championship. All data were collected during the 3rd and 4th stages
of the 2023 Paranaense Badminton Circuit that occurred in Brazil(Parana
state) in the men's or women's singles or doubles matches.
Before the study, the participants were informed about the procedures and provided written informed consent and answered an identification anamnesis. This study was approved by the local Human Research Ethics Committee (#5.643.356/2022 and #4.177.256/2020). Experimental Design The
experimental protocol lasted six days (three days in the first stage
and three days in the second stage) and was carried out during
competitive badminton matches. Before the start of the study, a visit
was made to the place where the athletes and coaches were staying in
order to present the study and explain the procedures. In addition, the
bioimpedance assessment was carried out.
During the six days of competition, HR, RPE, and temporal responses were monitored during singles and doubles matches. It is important to highlight that not all athletes who were present in the matches in which we monitored temporal variables were also present when monitoring physiological and perceptual variables. Procedures Analyses of Single and Doubles Matches The singles
and doubles matches were analyzed in the following phases: round of 16,
quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals. Regarding the monitoring of
physiological and perceptual variables, five women's singles matches,
seven men's singles matches, 11 women's doubles matches, and eight
men's doubles matches were analyzed, during which the HR and RPE values
of the athletes who competed were recorded. For the temporal variables,
five women's singles matches, seven men's singles matches, three
women's doubles matches, and two men's doubles matches were filmed and
analyzed.
Monitoring heart rate
(HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
The athletes' HR was recorded every minute while the matches were
taking place, and the average HR during the match was determined. The
HR in the intervals between points and games was recorded one minute
after the pauses of the 11th point and the 21st point of the first and
second sets (since no recorded match took place in the third set). RPE
was recorded four times during the matches, in the following breaks: in
the 1st set during the 11-point breaks and at the end of the set after
21 points, during the 2nd set in the 11-point breaks and at the end of
the set after 21 points.
Monitoring temporal
variablesThe HR data were collected using a heart rate monitor (Polar® RS800, Kempele – Finland and Polar® Verity Sense) placed on each player before the match, with the assistance of the Polar Team application. RPE was monitored using the Borg scale, with scores ranging between 6 and 20 (Borg, 1982).
The following temporal variables were monitored: rally time (time in
which the shuttlecock was in play), rest time (time in which the
shuttlecock fell to the ground until it was put into play at the next
point), total match time (total duration of the match), effective match
time (total time that the shuttlecock was in play during all games),
and number of strokes (all the strokes made by the athletes during the
match). All variables were determined through the analysis of the video
recorded during the matches by the researchers. This analysis being
carried out using Lince Plus software.
Statistical AnalysesData were
analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®
v.20, Inc, Chicago, IL). The normality of the data was verified using
the Shapiro Wilk test and the results are presented as mean ± standard
deviation (SD). Comparisons between sexes and single and double
modalities were performed using the Student's t test for independent
samples (HR and RPE) because these data presented normal distribution,
and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for temporal variables because
these data demonstrated nonnormal distribution. The significance level
adopted for all analyses was P< 0.05.
RESULTS Table 1
presents the HR data obtained during the women's and men's singles and
doubles matches. Significant differences were found for all HR values
between the women's singles and men's singles, except for the HR at the
end of the match (end of game 2). In the doubles matches, no
significant differences were demonstrated between women and men. With
respect to comparisons between singles and doubles for the same sex,
significant differences were found for HR21points in game 1, and
HR11points, HR21points, and HRfinal in game 2.
Table 1. Heart rate (HR) responses during women's and men's singles and doubles matches.
Table 2 presents the RPE data obtained during the women's and men's singles and doubles matches. No statistical differences were found between women and men for either modality (singles and doubles), or when comparing singles and doubles matches for the same sex. Table 2. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during women’s and men’s singles and doubles matches.
The responses from the temporal data obtained in the matches are shown in Table 3. Differences were found only between the women's doubles and men's doubles for total match time, effective match time, and rest time, in which the total and effective time were higher and rest time lower in men’s compared to women’s. No significant differences between sexes were found for single matches. Table 3. Temporal variables obtained during women’s and men’s singles and doubles matches.
DISCUSSION The present
study aimed to compare the physiological, perceptual, and temporal
responses of women’s and men’s singles and doubles badminton matches.
The main findings were that HR was significantly lower in men's singles
matches compared to women's singles matches, and also in women's
doubles matches compared to women's singles matches. Regarding temporal
variables, total match time and rest time were significantly shorter,
and effective match time was longer in men's doubles compared to
women's doubles matches. There were no significant differences in RPE
between men and women, or between singles and doubles matches.
Specifically regarding HR in badminton matches, few studies have examined this response (Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2013; Faude et al., 2007). The results found in our study regarding HR showed a difference between sexes only in the singles matches, where women had a higher average HR during the matches compared to men.A possible explanation for this could be due to the technical level of women's matches being higher compared to men's matches in the championship in which the present study was carried out, therefore requiring greater effort on their part to defeat the opponent. It is important to note that our findings with higher HR in women’s singles matches compared to men’s differs from what were found in previous studies (Faude et al., 2007; Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2013). Faude et al. (2007) analyzed the physiological responses of 12 internationally ranked badminton athletes with world ranking position between 49 and 164 (eight women aged 21.8 ± 2.1 years; four men aged 21.3 ± 1.7 years) in six simulated singles matches. The matches consisted of two 15-minute periods with two minutes of rest between periods, and HR was monitored throughout the matches. No significant differences in the average HR were found between women (170 ± 10 bpm) and men (166 ± 6 bpm). Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (2013) monitored 16 young elite badminton athletes, nationally ranked with under 19 national position between 1 and 20 (eight men aged 16.0 ± 1.4 years; eight women aged 16.0 ± 2.3 years), in 9 simulated male and female singles matches. The results of the study showed that the average HR values obtained were not different between male (170 ± 9 bpm) and female (174 ± 7 bpm) matches. Concerning the intensities of the matches, Faude et al. (2007) and Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (2013) demonstrated higher HR values compared to the present study, in addition to the non-differences between sexes for the singles matches. These different results found by these authors when compared to our results can be explained mainly by the higher physical and technical level of the badminton athletes evaluated in those studies (Faude et al. (2007) and Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (2013) Regarding the comparisons between singles and doubles matches for the same sex, the HR values in the singles matches in the present study were higher when compared to the doubles matches. Alcock and Cable (2009) monitored 16 male badminton players (eight in singles aged 22.0 ± 6.1 years and eight in doubles aged 30.0 ± 6.7 years) in a total of 12 matches, six in singles and six in doubles. The authors found zones of significantly higher intensities in the singles modality (88.8% of maximum heart rate) compared to the doubles modality (75.5% of maximum heart rate). Regarding RPE, in the current study this variable was not significantly different between the men’s and women’s singles and doubles matches. Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (2013) compared RPE between simulated men's singles matches and women's singles matches, in which RPE data were col-lected after the 11th, 15th, and 21st points of the first and third games and after the 5th, 11th, 17th, and 21st points of the second game; the results for RPE did not show significant differences between men (14.6 ± 1.8) and women (14.2 ± 1.9), similar to our findings. Other important results of the present study were the responses of the temporal variables, in which the total match time and rest time were significantly shorter and the effective match time was significantly longer when comparing the men's doubles matches with the women's doubles matches. Regarding the comparison between men and women, our findings are different from those of Gomez et al. (2019), who found significant differences between sexes in 120 badminton matches (60 men's matches and 60 women's matches) played during the World Badminton Super Series 2016 in relation to the temporal analysis of the matches; the authors found that women had a shorter rally time (9.1 ± 6.6 s) and number of strokes (714.6 ± 266.7) when compared to men (9.9 ± 8.0 s and 880 .7 ± 318.3, respectively). Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (2013) also compared men and women and observed significant differences in rally time (6.8 ± 4.8 s for men and 5.7 ± 3.1 s for women) and rest time be-tween rallies (10 .5 ± 8.8 s for men and 8.8 ± 7.2 s for women) when comparing men's matches with women's matches. Still regarding temporal variables, no significant differences were identified between singles and doubles matches for any temporal variables analyzed in the present study. Different from our findings, Alcock and Cable (2009) found significant differences between men's singles and doubles matches for the number of strokes (244.5 ± 45.8 for singles and 275.8 ± 78.4 for doubles). Another study, by Gawin et al. (2015), compared all types of badminton., The authors analyzed 50 matches in men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, between 2010 and 2012, in world tournaments. The results showed no significant differences between the modalities in relation to the variables total match time (men's singles: 0:49:54 ± 0:19:20 h; men's doubles: 0:45:55 ± 0:16: 27 h; women's singles: 0:47:28 ± 0:16:35 h; women's doubles: 0:40:04 ± 0:10:40 h; mixed doubles: 0:40:33 ± 0:09:14 h ) and rest time (men's singles: 23.1 ± 3.9 s; men's doubles: 23.3 ± 3.7 s; women's singles: 19.4 ± 3.4 s; women's doubles: 20.0 ± 5 .3 s; mixed pair: 20.6 ± 3.2 s). Despite the important results found, it is important to highlight that the present study has some limitations, such as a smaller amount of data collected regarding temporal variables in the men’s and women’s singles matches, and mainly in the men’s and women’s doubles matches. Therefore, future studies should explore a greater number of variables, both physiological and perceptual, as well as temporal variables related to men’s and women’s doubles matches. CONCLUSION We conclude
that the intensity, assessed by HR responses, in women's singles
matches was greater compared to men's singles matches and that women's
singles matches were more intense than women's doubles matches.
Furthermore, in relation to temporal variables, the total match time
and rest time were shorter in men's doubles matches compared to women's
doubles matches, while the effective match time was longer in men's
doubles matches compared to women's doubles matches. Concerning
practical applications, the results of this study can be used as a
reference for defining physiological, temporal and performance demands
in prescribing specific badminton training for each discipline (singles
or doubles). Furthermore, from this study we suggest that coaches
monitor variables such as HR, RPE, and the temporal variables of their
athletes in official matches and in training sessions to check
adaptations resulting from training.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors
would like to acknowledge to the participants of the present study and
for the support of Parana Badminton Federation and Center for
Development and Sports Sciences applied to Badminton.
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Dirección para correspondencia Segabinazi-Peserico, Cecília Doctor Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Educação Física., Brasil. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2647-1850 correo electrónico: ceciliapeserico@gmail.com Recibido: 19-08-2024 Aceptado: 16-12-2024
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